The changing form of the city

Historically, cities have had complex spatial layouts reflecting 
the multiplicity of human exchanges. 

They have been alive with the richness of patterns and symbols that fulfil many psychological and spiritual needs. 
For example, the sense of enclosure and spatial definition provided by medieval walls satisfied more than
just a need for defensive protection; they also provided psychological stimulation and physical comfort (Lozano, 1990).
The need to pattern The need to pattern human surroundings is as valid today as it was in medieval times, and this is particularly recognized by Alexander and Lynch (Lynch, 1960; Alexander et al., 1977; Alexander, 1987). 
Their ideas about legibility are based on a vivid and integrated physical setting that can provide the raw material for a symbolic and collective community memory. 
The layouts, landmarks and public spaces all contribute to each city’s distinctive sense of identity